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This essay is a brief study of translation as a practice of aesthetic resistance seen from a historical and philosophical perspective. Translation is perceived as the process of transition and negotiation within the ‘third space' between various different hybrid cultural contexts and their discursive constraints, and referred to as ‘paratranslation'. It summarises the first attempts to think of translation as an almost ‘holistic' paradigm and the aesthetics of intervention from Romantic philosophy onwards. It attempts to show how Walter Benjamin's master narrative, the utopia of ‘pure language', encourages continuous resistance to the totalitarianism of the idea of the ‘original', to aesthetics (within the sense of the perception of the real) and to dominant discourses. It subsequently defines the idea of ‘progress', which considers translation as aesthetic resistance, as a process of construction in constant deconstruction. It concludes by exemplifying the notion of translation as a paradigm of intervention in modernity with a brief analysis of the transcreation performed by Erin Mouré on Fernando Pessoa/Alberto Caeiro's poetic cycle, O Guardador de Rebanhos (The Keeper of Sheep).
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This paper starts from the turn of modernist discourse and epistemology to postmodernity. It seeks to highlight some central aspects of the proximity between postmodern philosophical thought and current hermeneutic translation theory, aiming to argue translation as a possible epistemé of postmodernity, where the static notions of the original or the authentic, the other or the foreign have already been replaced by more dynamic notions such as "text traductif" (Nouss) and migrant/migration. Based on the philosophical perspectives proposed by Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, Welsch, and Nouss, it shall be argued that a) translation is exemplarily postmodern in its capacity to critically re-write history, ideologies, and systems, representing a dynamics that is both ethical and aesthetic, both universal and local, both psychological and sociological; and b) that paratranslation functions as its interrelated space of critical, meta-translational and transdiscursive thinking.
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This study aims to revisit some hermeneutical aspects which are essential for a theoretical approach to the interrelated notions of the poetic and poeticity in public space. I will use examples of ephemeral poetic forms such as graffito or performance, but also some examples of poetic objects from linguistic fields such as English, Portuguese, Spanish and German. These reflections on a theoretical and methodological framework for poetry and translation in public space can be subsumed under the key concept of transit-translation. I will associate four poetic expressions from four related cultural areas, with non-lyric discourse in visual, verbo-visual and performance poetry, in public space. They will be distributed along four thematic lines which I consider crucial to the current description of the phenomenon: the intermedial-intermaterial transition, the transfer from the poetic-political to the commercial, the poetic-political multimedia project, and the conflict between the poetic and the public. Drawing from different theoretical backgrounds (Heidegger, Benjamin, Rancière, Badiou, Bhabha, Butler and Spivak), I propose that these forms of non-lyric poetry might represent the advent of a new public sphere, which is no longer exclusively formed by an idealistic, romantic tradition, but rather characterised by a hermeneutic ambiguity which suggests a reconfiguration of the subject and of poetic subjectivity.
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The Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles defines intranslatability as “what one does not cease to (not) translate”. A paradigmatic example of a text continuously translated since the second half of the twentieth century, is the foundational essay of modern translation theory, “The translator’s task” by Walter Benjamin. Starting with a brief overview of 27 Ibero-Romance, Italian, English and French translations since 1962, with special emphasis on the Brazilian case, this paper will offer a reflection on the issues of translatability and intranslatability in Walter Benjamin. Some of “The tranlator’s Task”’s more complex passages will be analyzed to illustrate how Benjamin’s theory attempts to reframe the idea of the original through the notion of translation as a “continuum of transformations.” It will be argued that the concept of “pure language” can be understood as a strategic essentialism, a discursive tool for negotiating between the translatable and the untranslatable. O Vocabulaire européen des philosophies. Dictionnaire des intraduisibles define a noção do intraduzível como “aquilo que não cessamos de (não) traduzir”. Um exemplo paradigmático de um texto continuamente traduzido desde a segunda metade do século XX é o ensaio fundacional da teoria da tradução moderna, “A tarefa do tradutor” de Walter Benjamin. A partir de um breve panorama de 27 traduções ibero- -românicas, italianas, inglesas e francesas, desde 1962 e com especial ênfase no caso brasileiro, este estudo pretende oferecer uma reflexão em torno às questões de tradutibilidade e intradutibilidade em Walter Benjamin. Analizar-se-ão algumas das passagens mais complexas da Tarefa para ilustrar como a teoria benjaminiana tenta resignificar a ideia do original a partir da noção de um “continuum de transformações”. Argumentar- -se-á, também, que o conceito da “pura língua” pode ser entendido como um essencialismo estratégico, uma ferramenta discursiva para negociar entre o traduzível e o intraduzível.
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En el presente estudio se pretende reflexionar sobre algunas de las principales características de expresiones poéticas actuales en el espacio público que procuran intervenir en la realidad social y política. Se pretende realizar una breve aproximación teórica a las nociones interrelacionadas de lo poético (no lírico) y de la poeticidad en el espacio público, sobre todo a partir de formas poéticas efímeras como lo son el grafiti o la performance. El marco teórico-metodológico se apoya en tres ámbitos, considerados fundamentales para abordar el tema: la poesía no lírica colocada en un contexto ontológico (Heidegger), la hermenéutica de la poesía como traducción (a partir de Heidegger, Benjamin y Leyte) y la relación entre el espacio público y la traducción (a partir de Habermas, Bhabha, Spivak y Butler). Se argumentará que el espacio público hoy en día perdió su estatus de autonomía política, que es menos un lugar del (inter)cambio político que de la subversión cultural. Se relaciona la idea del tercer espacio (Bhabha) con la idea de la poesía actual como un tránsito-traducción, como una vía de transformación de las circunstancias. En este espacio público, algunas expresiones poéticas funcionan como una traducción entre la subversión cultural postmoderna o postcolonial y la tradicional política de poder y se considera que en la actualidad lo poético está todavía estrechamente relacionado con el clásico acto de emancipación del sujeto a través de la auto-reflexión (Habermas). Esta circunstancia se relaciona con el sentido que Judith Butler asignó al concepto de la universalidad: el de una traducción a través de las fronteras, de una traducción cultural que representaría el retorno de lo excluido. Los ejemplos poéticos propuestos para ilustrar esta exposición teórica proceden de ámbitos culturales diversos y se centrarán en el carácter urbano, transmedial y político del grafiti, de la instalación (Banksy, ±MaisMenos±,Camilla Watson, Batania Neorrabioso) y de los objetos poéticos (Augusto de Campos y Helmut Seethaler).
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Um acontecimento poético representa, de uma forma ou de outra, uma intervenção política no espaço público, material ou discursivo. Ainda que não contenha uma mensagem política directa, ou realize uma afronta aos costumes do perceptivo ou do sensível, sempre se produz, em maior ou menor medida, uma desestabilização da ordem habitual das coisas. Simplesmente, porque o poético nos distancia do que é considerado normal ou tradicional. Mas também porque contém uma promessa de verdade, porque é um radical, no seu sentido etimológico de raiz ou origem, uma dinâmica de expressão e comunicação potencialmente infinita “com lugares e pessoas, sobretudo no caso da poesia não-lírica”.
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