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After centuries of symbolic and political oppression, Galicia has been recognized by the Spanish constitution as a historic nationality. However, despite a certain degree of political autonomy, Galician identity is threatened by increasing homogenization in the economic, social, cultural and linguistic fields. In the early 1990s the aesthetic movement Bravú constructed an aesthetic community, sustained by an ideological project, and with the aim to, on the one hand, prevent Galician culture from becoming folklore stuck in a time warp and, on the other hand, to validate Galician identity. The Bravú artists refused the historically inherited outsider position and contributed to a reinvention of Galician identity and of a political ideal within a cosmopolitan, internationalist framework and by reversing social stigmas through their works and performances.

Centred around Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony, this paper employs a critical globalisation theory framework to argue that the 1990s notion of ‘changing the world from below', understood as resistance to capitalist globalisation through a ‘transnational civil society', requires re-theorisation in the light of the contemporary developments in Our America. I make a methodological case for a neo-Gramscian approach to argue that ‘counter-hegemony', together with an adequate theorisation of the state and power, should be the preferred concept over the inherently apolitical and under-theorised ‘alter-globalisation'. Whilst the alter-globalisation movement's ideational and normative challenges to hegemony (captured in ex-British prime minister Thatcher's There-Is-No-Alternative-Doctrine, TINA) are undisputed, the transformation of the global geographies of power through local actors alone has remained illusory. Rather, the experience of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples' Trade Agreement (ALBA-PTA) strongly suggests that counter-hegemonic globalisation theory will have to consider the roles of both the ‘state-in-revolution' and the ‘transnational organised society'. This will be shown through the analysis and theorisation of the ALBA-PTA as a multi dimensional inter and transnational counter-hegemonic regionalisation and globalisation project that operates across a range of sectors and scales.

The concept of ‘resistance' has turned into a critical tool in different areas of political, philosophical and sociological thought. At the same time, the notion seems to be as productive as it is diffuse. ‘Resistance' is used in very specific contexts in scientific or technical disciplines, and with extreme flexibility in social and cultural studies. In the latter two areas, the concept is often used without prior reflection on its characteristics and limitations. In What is Philosophy?, Deleuze provides a possible framework for conceiving cultural and political practices of resistance as positions of force, when he defines contraction as ‘a contemplation that preserves the preceding in the following'. The purpose of this article is to understand political ecologism in its activist and poetical dimensions, in light of a Deleuzian interpretation of resistance.

Professionalization and political engagement are usually placed as incompatible in the case of journalism and the mainstream press, resulting in an identification of cultural resistance exclusively with alternative/amateur vehicles. I will use the concept of journalistic field as introduced by Pierre Bourdieu to review these assumptions and discuss a form of political resistance that acts in one's own area of knowledge, is not overtly political and whose effects are not immediately accountable for. Drawing examples from my research on two literary newspapers published in the 1950s in Brazil and Uruguay, this paper will focus on the implications of didacticism for literary criticism as a genre of newswriting. The analysis of these newspapers will lead to a reflection on two main issues: a) the conflict between the professionalization and democratization of literature; and b) the definition of resistance as necessarily an action that is against something. The article will reconsider education in journalism as a form of resistance, taking into account its risks of becoming political indoctrination and commercial manipulation, but emphasizing its potential as a way of expanding access to literature.

This article offers a pragmatic and relational analysis of the controversial heuristic of cultural resistance and presents some of the problems that affect the production and distribution of the poetic discourses of resistance and emancipation. To that end, it focuses on the incorporation of the historicity and the historic contingency of conflict as key elements of the subjectification constituted by the poem of resistance as “poem for the political”. It also explores the applicability of certain notions common to the contemporary critical tradition, as developed by scholars such as Badiou, Mouffe, Rancière, Bal and Žižek.

The poetic space, as I see it, is a space of resistance. Resistance against the media which do not need poetry. Communication among poets is a go-between, a web of messages, performances and presentations, the circulation of books and digital materials. These activities are political, functioning as politics in the Greek sense: discussion in a public arena, exchanges of opinion and criticism, interventions, concerted decisions, group projects, a net of relationships around the production of texts, articulating versions and diversions of language. These activities and exchanges give the participants a sense of fulfillment. In this sense to pass is to think, to question a certain regime, to marvel that it is still there, to wonder what makes it possible, going into its enclaves, looking for traces of the movements which formed it and discovering in those stories apparently in ashes, how to think, how to live otherwise.

In this article, I analyze the notions of sequentiality and simultaneity in Ursula K. Le Guin's science fiction novel The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia (1974). I extrapolate this analysis to the contrasting epistemic sensibilities surrounding the concepts of ‘revolution' and ‘resistance' respectively. I am particularly concerned with the role these concepts play in contemporary academic production in the humanities. My aim is to understand the implications of the different conceptions of time and representation associated with each of those two concepts, and what their actual ideological operativity is in the context of the present status quo.

The following text provides a conceptual and theoretical introduction to a collection of essays written by members of the multidisciplinary network of scholars, artists and cultural producers named ‘Poetics of Resistance', which seeks to analyse and encourage discussion of the relationships between creativity, culture and political resistance, in the context of neoliberal globalization. The introduction also provides a critical glossary of a set of loosely interlinking keywords, following Raymond Williams, that mark points of encounter and departure between the approaches of the various authors (not to be confused with the list of keywords used to index each article). Rather than presenting a completed research project, this issue serves as a basis for continuing collaborative research and dialogue in the field, and invites readers to join in the ongoing debate. The contributors to this issue are Paulina Aroch Fugellie, Burghard Baltrusch, Arturo Casas, Marí­a do Cebreiro Rábade Villar, Roberto Echavarren, Marcos Giadas Conde, Cornelia Gräbner, Nathalia Jabur, Thomas Muhr and David Wood.

This essay is a brief study of translation as a practice of aesthetic resistance seen from a historical and philosophical perspective. Translation is perceived as the process of transition and negotiation within the ‘third space' between various different hybrid cultural contexts and their discursive constraints, and referred to as ‘paratranslation'. It summarises the first attempts to think of translation as an almost ‘holistic' paradigm and the aesthetics of intervention from Romantic philosophy onwards. It attempts to show how Walter Benjamin's master narrative, the utopia of ‘pure language', encourages continuous resistance to the totalitarianism of the idea of the ‘original', to aesthetics (within the sense of the perception of the real) and to dominant discourses. It subsequently defines the idea of ‘progress', which considers translation as aesthetic resistance, as a process of construction in constant deconstruction. It concludes by exemplifying the notion of translation as a paradigm of intervention in modernity with a brief analysis of the transcreation performed by Erin Mouré on Fernando Pessoa/Alberto Caeiro's poetic cycle, O Guardador de Rebanhos (The Keeper of Sheep).

This article contests the popular assumption that literature is ever less politically relevant. Quite the contrary is the case: literature and literary language becomes increasingly important for the alter-globalization movement and for the notion that ‘another world is possible.' The work of four authors - Manu Chao, Eduardo Galeano, Subcomandante Marcos, and José Saramago - are comparatively analysed in light of their contribution to an alternative globalism and to an alternative practice of politics. All four authors contribute from different perspectives to the literary articulation of a political project. Their work shares characteristics such as the permeability of genres, the emphasis on the poetical over the narrative, a meandering structure that expresses the search for and step-by-step construction of a cultural and political alternative, and an emphasis on translation and encounter as principles of interaction with difference.

This article analyses a range of discourses articulated around the figure of the film archive between the late nineteenth and the early twenty-first centuries, accounting for the various possibilities that they open up for considering audiovisual heritage as a potential space either for revolutionary change or for political or textual resistance. Focused mainly on archival discourses in Mexico, the article traces their interaction with both national-historical and anti-imperialist narratives, and the implications of digital and online culture for the encounter between the archiving of film and resistance. It accounts for the position of the archive in negotiations between state and private capital and spaces of artistic autonomy, and for the relationships between the archive, modernity, postmodernity and the notion of posterity.

Conversamos con Chus Pato sobre a temática á que refire a convocatoria deste presente nº de Derritaxes, “Filosofía e literatura”, e comezamos facendo referencia explícita precisamente ao texto da convocatoria, a modo de introdución da conversa.

The different neighborhoods of a city present each a complex of negative and positive traits that both influence and become influenced by marginal cultural activity. Specifically, graffiti, urban writing and drawing or the activity in public places of graffiti writers, street artists or cultural activists, social and political, contribute to constructing and defining the public image of any city area, underscoring or changing the traditional representation of these social spaces. The author discusses two cases in Madrid at the turn of the 20th century: those of the neighborhoods of Vallecas and Malasaña.

PRESENTACION / 11 NOS ECHAMOS A LA CALLE / 15 La calle como espacio extraoficial de comunicación / 17 El derecho a la fachada, el deber a la ciudad / 21 Espacio urbano y graffiti / 33 QUE ES EL GRAFFITI? / 39 Hacia una definición / 41 El graffiti americano (¿o es europeo?) 47 QUE ES EL GRAFFITI MOVE? / 65 Ya llegan los bárbaros! / 67 Orígenes del Graffiti Move / 71 La participación de la mujer en la génesis del graffiti Su expansión por Europa / 89 Directrices del Graffiti Move / 95 Motivaciones básicas de los escritores de graffiti 105 Las contradjcciones del sistema / 117 Graffiti y contracultura / 119 GRAFFITI, ARTE, DELITO, JUEGO Y LOCURA / 125 La conciencia histórica y artística del Graffiti Move / 127 La identidad artística del escritor de graffiti / 135 La extravagancia artística y la subversión grafitera / 141 Graffiti y juego / 147 Neo barroquismo y graffiti / 153 Aerosol y ¡¡Madness!! / 157 EL ARTE DEL GRAFFITI / 163 Academicismo Graffiti Move / 165 Y el graffiti entró en los museos / 181 De la calle a la galería / 187 El Postgraffiti / 195 EPÍLOGO / 203 Luces y sombras / 205 BIBLIOGRAFIA E INDICE DE LAS ILUSTRACIONES / 209 *** Graphitfragen. Una mirada reflexiva sobre el Graffiti se concibe como una recopilación de textos realizados entre 1998 y 2005, que incluyen artículos, conferencias, ponencias o capítulos de mi tesis doctoral y que plantean de un modo abierto diferentes aspectos históricos, estéticos, artísticos, antropológicos, políticos, éticos, etc. concernientes al graffiti contemporáneo. Respecto a la publicación digital con el mismo título, realizada en 2001 por Minotauro Digital, se presenta como una revisión y ampliación de sus contenidos, continuando la pretensión que guiaba aquella experiencia de repasar, poner en orden, plantear y suscitar una serie de cuestiones que revolotean en torno a este fenómeno cultural y que, igualmente, tocan a todas aquellas manifestaciones culturales de nuestros días que se emparentan de una u otra forma con él.

[P1] «El discurso escrito, en general, y el discurso historiográfico, en particular, surgen en América Latina por el impulso que les comunica una colisión determinante entre el "mundo" que viene a imponer sus leyes (su concepción de lo real y verdadero) y el "mundo" de las culturas avasalladas, hegemonizadas por los imperios que las aglutinaban en una concordancia más o menos voluntaria sobre otra concepción de lo "real" y lo "verdadero": por ello, el momento del encuentro significa para ambos mundos la presencia, antes apenas vislumbrada por los ojos de la fantasía, de la distinción de la otredad. El hombre del mundo avasallante, el conquistador que llega a asentar sus "dominios", que no son otros que los dominios del imperio feudal en expansión (dentro del cual, como un gusano en la manzana, ya germina el capitalismo acumulativo), tendrá que mostrar a los que le envían, a la clase dominante de la cual él es la punta de lanza, el valor de sus aspiraciones y demostrar (se) frente a una ideología escindida, la legitimidad de las mismas, de este modo, se escriben las "querellas" dramáticas que se conocen con el nombre de crónicas de la Conquista: la primera literatura testimonial escrita en suelo o en ámbito latinoamericano, que comprende una serie de manifestaciones discursivas que pretenden narrar la "verdad" sobre los hechos, y que casi siempre empiezan con párrafos metadiscursivos que explicitan esta intencionalidad. Así, Bernal Díaz del Castillo comienza su Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España del siguiente modo...»

El Graffiti Movement alcanza Europa en los años 80 e irrumpe en Madrid a mediados de esta década, renovando el discurso mural tradicional. Dadas las peculiaridades sociales y urbanísticas de sus barrios, se implanta en Vallecas temprana y prolíficamente. Así, Vallecas se erige como un excelente exponente para descubrir el particular proceso de introducción y enraizamiento de esta modalidad de graffiti, sus calves conceptuales, organizativas y operativas, su evolución técnica, formal e iconográfica, las características sociológicas, espaciales y linguísticas que envuelven su desarrollo y los factores exógenos y endógenos que modelan esta muestra espontánea de la creación gráfica y la manifestación artística populares, al margen del arte institucional. Como base de este estudio, no obstante, se emprende la tarea de encuadrar el Graffiti Movement vallecano tanto dentro de la propia historia del movimiento, como de una cartografía del graffiti como medio de comunicación no oficial, pero tradicional, y de las grandes corrientes contemporáneas, tanto grafiteras antiestéticas sociales o estético-musicales.

Wir haben uns das zehnjährige Bestehen der 031 Crew aus Bern zum Anlass genommen und eine 5MINUTES Doppelepisode produziert. Eigentlich ja eher eine Triple-Episode, denn mit 14 Minuten ist die Folge doch sehr lang geworden. Wer sich jedoch interessiert für das was die Jungs von der 031 zu sagen haben, wird sich die Zeit nehmen. Mit der Veröffentlichung dieser Episode gab es zahlreiches Feedback, zum Film und zur Crew. Von den Schweizer Medien wie auch von der Szene. Wir können es gar nicht oft genug wiederholen: wir sind ein neutrales Medium, das gern hinter die Kulissen schaut und Protagonisten sprechen lässt. Völlig unreflektiert lassen wir bewusst Dinge auch einfach mal stehen, und ja wir sind davon überzeugt das man das machen “darf”. Das ist seit vielen Jahren unsere Vorgehensweise und das wird auch so bleiben. In diesem Sinne, viel Spass mit 031BERN. Ein Projekt von ILOVEGRAFFITI.DE in Zusammenarbeit mit ARTE Creative.

The intertwining of poetry and space has been a subject of scholarly research and debate for many years, but its study has acquired new vigor with transformations in media and the advent of the Internet. Indeed, a shared concept of space cannot be taken for granted and its facets have been reconfigured to the degree that research initiatives, like that of the Contemporary Poetry in Public Space group1, have become important reference points regarding its nature for researchers exploring the topic. Bearing in mind that, through perception, space and time are bound together, this group’s recent discussion of poetry’s temporal roots in rhythm and corporal gesture (Chamberlain 45-58) necessarily calls for a corresponding reflection on poetry’s rootedness in space. It calls for a reflection understood in the etymological sense of running thoughts backward from the conceptual, through the perceptual, to approach the deep-rooted experience of poetic discourse, understood broadly as a celebration of language.